Kabbalah, especially in its Lurianic form. At the heart of it is Malkhut, the tenth sefirah, literally meaning "Kingdom" or "Kingship." It's associated with the Shekhinah, the divine feminine presence, who is often depicted as the exiled queen or bride separated from her King.
The big "fall" moment is the Shattering of the Vessels—primordial divine light was too intense for the early vessels to hold, they broke, and holy sparks scattered into the material world, trapped in shells of impurity. This cosmic catastrophe creates a kind of exile for the divine light itself, including the Shekhinah, who's wandering in a broken world.
The return and reclamation is called Tikkun—repair or rectification. Every good deed, prayer, or mitzvah you perform lifts those fallen sparks back up, gradually restoring harmony. The ultimate goal is the reunion of the King and Queen, the full restoration of divine kingship on earth, and the healing of the wounded realm. The exiled royal figure who must journey, remember, gather what's lost, and reclaim the throne.